一(yi)、變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)按冷(leng)卻方式分(fen)類(lei)(lei)：干(gan)式（自冷(leng)）變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、油浸（自冷(leng)）變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、氟(fu)化(hua)物（蒸發冷(leng)卻）變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。按防(fang)潮方式分(fen)類(lei)(lei)：開放式變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、灌封式變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、密(mi)封式變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。按鐵(tie)(tie)芯或線圈結構分(fen)類(lei)(lei)：芯式變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)（插(cha)片鐵(tie)(tie)芯、 C 型鐵(tie)(tie)芯、鐵(tie)(tie)氧體(ti)(ti)鐵(tie)(tie)芯）、殼(ke)式變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)（插(cha)片鐵(tie)(tie)芯、 C 型鐵(tie)(tie)芯、鐵(tie)(tie)氧體(ti)(ti)鐵(tie)(tie)芯）、環型變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、金屬箔變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。按電源(yuan)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)數分(fen)類(lei)(lei)：單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、多相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。按用途(tu)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)：電源(yuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、調(diao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、音頻(pin)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、中頻(pin)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、高頻(pin)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)、脈沖變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)。

國內電(dian)力工程項目(mu)中，變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)主要(yao)萊用充油式變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)，除非一些特定(ding)(ding)的場合才使用干式變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)或者六氟化(hua)硫變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)。變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)的穩定(ding)(ding)和損傷直接(jie)影(ying)響當地用電(dian)情(qing)況，因此，對(dui)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)實(shi)行實(shi)時狀(zhuang)態監測和故障診斷極有必要(yao)。而就目(mu)前而言，全球對(dui)變(bian)壓(ya)的狀(zhuang)態監測均采(cai)用超(chao)聲定(ding)(ding)位和紅(hong)外技術(shu)以及局部(bu)放電(dian)監測等方式進行。

二(er). 解除變壓(ya)器故障(zhang)的方法

1.介質損耗因數中(zhong)的(de)測量(liang)數據是(shi)(shi)分析變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)高壓(ya)(ya)套(tao)管是(shi)(shi)否存故瞳(tong)的(de)關鍵在線(xian)測量(liang)技(ji)術。而如果(guo)是(shi)(shi)有載調壓(ya)(ya)開關，就要(yao)使用有載故障診斷在線(xian)裝置，對(dui)調壓(ya)(ya)開關的(de)觸點磨損狀況以及機械器(qi)件和電氣回路進行(xing)(xing)測量(liang)，以此來判斷故障的(de)發生(sheng)部位，解除故瞳(tong)危機。當然(ran)，變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)組成部分不止(zhi)這(zhe)些，還有負載電流、電壓(ya)(ya)、冷卻泵、風扇(shan)運行(xing)(xing)、油溫、線(xian)匝繞(rao)組溫度等(deng)，對(dui)這(zhe)些重要(yao)部件參數進行(xing)(xing)實時監測，確保變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)的(de)穩定(ding)和安全(quan)。

2. 變壓器常見(jian)故障

變(bian)壓器常(chang)見故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)有：放電性故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)、機(ji)械(xie)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)、進水(shui)受潮(chao)問題(ti)、過熱兼放電故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)、過熱性故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)等。

常用設備(bei)在線(xian)監測(ce)技術

（1）油(you)色(se)譜監(jian)(jian)測(ce)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。這(zhe)項技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)是現有絕緣(yuan)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)中最常見的(de)(de)(de)監(jian)(jian)測(ce)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)。此技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)原理(li)為(wei)，充油(you)發電機(ji)中含有絕緣(yuan)油(you)和有機(ji)絕緣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)材(cai)料，而長時間在(zai)電熱狀態下，會(hui)隨著時間的(de)(de)(de)推移和溫度的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)高(gao)發生(sheng)(sheng)老化(hua)分解(jie) r 期間還會(hui)產生(sheng)(sheng)低分子烴類氣體(ti)(ti)、 CO 、 C02 和H2 等(deng)氣體(ti)(ti)。一(yi)旦(dan)設(she)備內部發生(sheng)(sheng)故(gu)障(zhang)．將會(hui)加快這(zhe)些氣體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)(sheng)，因此，根據這(zhe)種產生(sheng)(sheng)氣體(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)速度來判斷(duan)設(she)備故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)嚴重性(xing)。而如(ru)果想確走故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)點，就(jiu)要對產生(sheng)(sheng)氣體(ti)(ti)進行(xing)精確分析，不(bu)同故(gu)障(zhang)所(suo)產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)(ti)也是不(bu)一(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)。

( 2 ）局部放電(dian)監測(ce)(ce)技術(shu)(shu)。這項(xiang)技術(shu)(shu)的應(ying)用大大延長(chang)變壓器(qi)的使用效(xiao)率，提高安全監測(ce)(ce)機制。其中．普遍的監測(ce)(ce)技術(shu)(shu)分為：中性點(dian)禍合、超(chao)聲波、電(dian)容器(qi)禍合等(deng)監測(ce)(ce)技術(shu)(shu)。

( 3 ）紅外線(xian)監測(ce)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)。紅外線(xian)監測(ce)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)作(zuo)為(wei)前瞻(zhan)性監測(ce)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)，能夠(gou)對電氣(qi)設備中存在(zai)(zai)的(de)故障(zhang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)精確走位。最常(chang)見(jian)的(de)就是通過計(ji)算(suan)機(ji)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)和(he)光電呈現技(ji)術(shu)(shu)對設備中存在(zai)(zai)的(de)熱感效應進(jin)(jin)行(xing)捕捉，從(cong)而(er)對電氣(qi)設備中存在(zai)(zai)的(de)故障(zhang)和(he)絕緣清況進(jin)(jin)行(xing)情準定位。

( 4 ）介損監測(ce)技術。介損檢測(ce)技術主要(yao)針對(dui)(dui)電(dian)容(rong)(rong)式絕(jue)緣結(jie)構(gou)的設(she)備(bei)(bei)，可以針對(dui)(dui)監測(ce)設(she)備(bei)(bei)中(zhong)的介損情況、電(dian)容(rong)(rong)情況、泄(xie)露電(dian)流(liu)情況，來判斷(duan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)是否存在(zai)故障。而對(dui)(dui)于相(xiang)同電(dian)容(rong)(rong)型設(she)備(bei)(bei)的時(shi)候，通過(guo)對(dui)(dui)介損值和電(dian)容(rong)(rong)量的對(dui)(dui)比，并(bing)儂據監測(ce)出(chu)的介損差(cha)值、溫度變(bian)化(hua)、負載情況變(bian)化(hua)來判斷(duan)設(she)備(bei)(bei)本身(shen)的絕(jue)緣情況。